Under what circumstance can a lawyer withdraw permissively in California?

A lawyer in California can permissively withdraw from representation when the client knowingly terminates the relationship. This refers to situations where the client expresses a clear intent to end the attorney-client relationship, which allows the lawyer to withdraw without facing potential disciplinary action or liability. The key aspect here is that the termination must be made knowingly by the client, indicating that they understand the implications of their decision to end the relationship.

In contrast, the other options do not provide a legal basis for permissive withdrawal. Refusal to pay fees can create a difficult situation, but it doesn't automatically allow for permissive withdrawal unless other factors are involved. Finding representation exceptionally difficult may be a reason for a lawyer to consider withdrawing, but it generally does not meet the strict criteria needed for permissive withdrawal under the California Rules of Professional Conduct. Lastly, a prolonged leave of absence does not inherently justify withdrawal unless it hinders the lawyer's ability to effectively represent the client, which again requires a more nuanced approach.