What are considered substantive decisions that require consultation and agreement between client and lawyer?

Settlement offers and the waiver of a jury trial are indeed substantive decisions that necessitate consultation and agreement between the client and the lawyer. In the realm of professional responsibility, certain pivotal decisions regarding the conduct of a case are solely within the client's authority. This particularly applies to decisions that significantly affect the client’s rights and interests, such as accepting a settlement offer, which ultimately resolves a case, or deciding to waive a jury trial, thereby opting for a bench trial instead.

The rationale behind involving the client in these substantial choices is rooted in the attorney-client relationship, where the lawyer acts as a guide and advisor, providing expertise and legal knowledge. However, because these decisions can profoundly impact the client’s outcome and overall objectives, it is imperative that the lawyer consults the client and gains their consent.

Other choices, while relevant in the broader context of legal representation, do not share the same level of importance regarding the necessity for mutual agreement. For example, choosing which witnesses to call can typically fall within the lawyer's purview, given their professional judgment in building the case. Similarly, deciding on legal fees and payment structures may involve the lawyer's expertise but is often more procedural than substantive. Lastly, selecting legal research topics is more of an internal decision focused on